newfs(1M)
NAME
newfs - construct a UFS file system
SYNOPSIS
newfs [-NTv] [mkfs-options] raw-device
DESCRIPTION
newfs is a "friendly" front-end to the mkfs(1M) program for
making UFS file systems on disk partitions. newfs calculates
the appropriate parameters to use and calls mkfs.
If run interactively (that is, standard input is a tty),
newfs prompts for confirmation before making the file sys-
tem.
If the -N option is not specified and the inodes of the dev-
ice are not randomized, newfs calls fsirand(1M).
You must be super-user or have appropriate write privileges
to use this command, except when creating a UFS file system
on a diskette. See EXAMPLES.
Creating a Multiterabyte UFS File System
Keep the following limitations in mind when creating a mul-
titerabyte UFS file system:
o nbpi is set to 1 Mbyte unless you specifically set it
higher. You cannot set nbpi lower than 1 Mbyte on a
multiterabyte UFS file system.
o fragsize is set equal to bsize.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-N Print out the file system parameters that would be
used to create the file system without actually creat-
ing the file system. fsirand(1M) is not called here.
-T Set the parameters of the file system to allow even-
tual growth to over a terabyte in total file system
size. This option sets fragsize to be the same as
bsize, and sets nbpi to 1 Mbyte, unless the -i option
is used to make it even larger. If you use the -f or
-i options to specify a fragsize or nbpi that is
incompatible with this option, the user-supplied value
of fragsize or nbpi is ignored.
-v Verbose. newfs prints out its actions, including the
parameters passed to mkfs.
mkfs-options
Options that override the default parameters are:
-a apc
The number of alternate sectors per cylinder to
reserve for bad block replacement for SCSI dev-
ices only. The default is 0.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI
labels and is ignored.
-b bsize
The logical block size of the file system in
bytes, either 4096 or 8192. The default is 8192.
The sun4u architecture does not support the 4096
block size.
-c cgsize
The number of cylinders per cylinder group,
ranging from 16 to 256. The default is calcu-
lated by dividing the number of sectors in the
file system by the number of sectors in a giga-
byte. Then, the result is multiplied by 32. The
default value is always between 16 and 256.
mkfs can override this value. See mkfs_ufs(1M)
for details.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI
labels and is ignored.
-C maxcontig
The maximum number of logical blocks, belonging
to one file, that are allocated contiguously.
The default is calculated as follows:
maxcontig = disk drive maximum transfer size / disk block size
If the disk drive's maximum transfer size cannot
be determined, the default value for maxcontig
is calculated from kernel parameters as follows:
If maxphys is less than ufs_maxmaxphys, which is
typically 1 Mbyte, then maxcontig is set to max-
phys. Otherwise, maxcontig is set to
ufs_maxmaxphys.
You can set maxcontig to any positive integer
value.
The actual value will be the lesser of what has
been specified and what the hardware supports.
You can subsequently change this parameter by
using tunefs(1M).
-d gap
Rotational delay. This option is obsolete. The
value is always set to 0, regardless of the
input value.
-f fragsize
The smallest amount of disk space in bytes that
can be allocated to a file. fragsize must be a
power of 2 divisor of bsize, where:
bsize / fragsize is 1, 2, 4, or 8.
This means that if the logical block size is
4096, legal values for fragsize are 512, 1024,
2048, and 4096. When the logical block size is
8192, legal values are 1024, 2048, 4096, and
8192. The default value is 1024.
For file systems greater than 1 terabyte or for
file systems created with the -T option, frag-
size is forced to match block size (bsize).
-i nbpi
The number of bytes per inode, which specifies
the density of inodes in the file system. The
number is divided into the total size of the
file system to determine the number of inodes to
create.
This value should reflect the expected average
size of files in the file system. If fewer
inodes are desired, a larger number should be
used. To create more inodes, a smaller number
should be given. The default for nbpi is as fol-
lows:
Disk size Density
Less than 1GB 2048
Less than 2GB 4096
Less than 3GB 6144
3GB to 1 Tbyte 8192
Greater than 1 Tbyte
or created with -T 1048576
The number of inodes can increase if the file
system is expanded with the growfs command.
-m free
The minimum percentage of free space to maintain
in the file system, between 0% and 99%,
inclusively. This space is off-limits to users.
Once the file system is filled to this thres-
hold, only the super-user can continue writing
to the file system.
The default is ((64 Mbytes/partition size) *
100), rounded down to the nearest integer and
limited between 1% and 10%, inclusively.
This parameter can be subsequently changed using
the tunefs(1M) command.
-n nrpos
The number of different rotational positions in
which to divide a cylinder group. The default is
8.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI
labels and is ignored.
-o space|time
The file system can either be instructed to try
to minimize the time spent allocating blocks, or
to try to minimize the space fragmentation on
the disk. The default is time.
This parameter can subsequently be changed with
the tunefs(1M) command.
-r rpm
The rotational speed of the disk in revolutions
per minute. The default is driver- or device-
specific.
Note that you specify rpm for newfs and rps for
mkfs.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI
labels and is ignored.
-s size
The size of the file system in sectors. The
default is to use the entire partition.
-t ntrack
The number of tracks per cylinder on the disk.
The default is taken from the disk label.
This option is not applicable for disks with EFI
labels and is ignored.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
raw-device
The name of a raw special device residing in the /dev
directory (for example, /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6) on which
to create the file system.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of
newfs when encountering files greater than or equal to 2
Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Displaying the Parameters for the Raw Special
Device
The following example verbosely displays the parameters for
the raw special device, c0t0d0s6. It does not actually
create a new file system:
example# newfs -Nv /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
mkfs -F ufs -o N /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6 1112940 54 15 8192 1024 16 10 60
2048 t 0 -1 8 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6: 1112940 sectors in
1374 cylinders of 15 tracks, 54 sectors 569.8MB in 86 cyl
groups (16 c/g, 6.64MB/g, 3072 i/g) super-block backups
(for fsck -b #) at:
32, 13056, 26080, 39104, 52128, 65152, 78176, 91200, 104224, ...
Example 2: Creating a UFS File System
The following example creates a UFS file system on a
diskette that is managed by Volume Manager.
example% newfs /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0
newfs: construct a new file system /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0: (y/n)? y
/vol/dev/aliases/floppy0: 2880 sectors in 80 cylinders of 2 tracks,
18 sectors 1.4MB in 5 cyl groups (16 c/g, 0.28MB/g, 128 i/g)
super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at:
32, 640, 1184, 1792, 2336, ...
Example 3: Creating a UFS File System That Will Eventually
Be Grown to a Multiterabyte UFS File System
The following example creates a UFS file system that will
eventually be grown to a multiterabyte UFS file system.
This command creates a 800-Gbyte file system on the volume,
/dev/md/rdsk/d99.
# newfs -T /dev/md/rdsk/d99
newfs: construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d99: (y/n)? y
/dev/md/rdsk/d99: 1677754368 sectors in 45512 cylinders of
144 tracks, 256 sectors
819216.0MB in 1821 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g) ...
Then, if you increase the volume size for this file system,
you can use the growfs command to expand the file system.
The file system is grown to 1.2 terabytes in this example:
# growfs -v /dev/md/rdsk/d99
/usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs -G /dev/md/rdsk/d99 2516631552 /dev/md/rdsk/d99:
2516631552 sectors in 68268 cylinders of 144 tracks, 256 sectors
1228824.0MB in 2731 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g)...
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 The operation was successful.
1, 10 Usage error or internal error. A message is output to
STDERR explaining the error.
Other exit values may be returned by mkfs(1M), which is
called by newfs.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWcsu |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
fsck(1M), fsck_ufs(1M), fsirand(1M), mkfs(1M), mkfs_ufs(1M),
tunefs(1M), attributes(5), largefile(5), ufs(7FS)
DIAGNOSTICS
newfs: No such file or directory
The device specified does not exist, or a disk parti-
tion was not specified.
special: cannot open
You must write access to the device to use this com-
mand.
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