od(1)
NAME
od - octal dump
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/od [-bcCDdFfOoSsvXx] [-] [file] [offset_string]
/usr/bin/od [-bcCDdFfOoSsvXx] [-A address_base] [-j skip]
[-N count] [-t type_string...] [-] [file...]
/usr/xpg4/bin/od [-bcCDdFfOoSsvXx] [-] [file]
[offset_string]
/usr/xpg4/bin/od [-bcCDdFfOoSsvXx] [-A address_base] [-
j skip] [-N count] [-t type_string...] [-] [file...]
DESCRIPTION
The od command copies sequentially each input file to stan-
dard output and transforms the input data according to the
output types specified by the -t or -bcCDdFfOoSsvXx options.
If no output type is specified, the default output is as if
-t o2 had been specified. Multiple types can be specified
by using multiple -bcCDdFfOoSstvXx options. Output lines are
written for each type specified in the order in which the
types are specified. If no file is specified, the standard
input is used. The [offset_string] operand is mutually
exclusive from the -A, -j, -N, and -t options. For the pur-
poses of this description, the following terms are used:
word Refers to a 16-bit unit, independent of the word size
of the machine.
long word
Refers to a 32-bit unit.
double long word
Refers to a 64-bit unit.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-A address_base
Specifies the input offset base. The address_base
option-argument must be a character. The characters
d, o and x specify that the offset base will be writ-
ten in decimal, octal or hexadecimal, respectively.
The character n specifies that the offset will not be
written. Unless -A n is specified, the output line
will be preceded by the input offset, cumulative
across input files, of the next byte to be written. In
addition, the offset of the byte following the last
byte written will be displayed after all the input
data has been processed. Without the -A address_base
option and the [offset_string] operand, the input
offset base is displayed in octal.
-b Interprets bytes in octal. This is equivalent to -t
o1.
/usr/bin/od
-c Displays single-byte characters. Certain non-graphic
characters appear as C-language escapes:
null \0
backspace \b
form-feed \f
new-line \n
return \r
tab \t
Others appear as 3-digit octal numbers. For example:
echo "hello world" | od -c
0000000 h e l l o w o r l d \n
0000014
/usr/xpg4/bin/od
-c Interprets bytes as single-byte or multibyte charac-
ters according to the current setting of the LC_CTYPE
locale category. Printable multibyte characters are
written in the area corresponding to the first byte of
the character. The two-character sequence ** is writ-
ten in the area corresponding to each remaining byte
in the character, as an indication that the character
is continued. Non-graphic characters appear the same
as they would using the -C option.
-C Interprets bytes as single-byte or multibyte charac-
ters according to the current setting of the LC_CTYPE
locale category. Printable multibyte characters are
written in the area corresponding to the first byte of
the character. The two-character sequence ** is writ-
ten in the area corresponding to each remaining byte
in the character, as an indication that the character
is continued. Certain non-graphic characters appear as
C escapes:
null \0
backspace \b
form-feed \f
new-line \n
return \r
tab \t
Other non-printable characters appear as one three-
digit octal number for each byte in the character.
-d Interprets words in unsigned decimal. This is
equivalent to -t u2.
-D Interprets long words in unsigned decimal. This is
equivalent to -t u4.
-f Interprets long words in floating point. This is
equivalent to -t f4.
-F Interprets double long words in extended precision.
This is equivalent to -t f8.
-j skip
Jumps over skip bytes from the beginning of the input.
The od command will read or seek past the first skip
bytes in the concatenated input files. If the com-
bined input is not at least skip bytes long, the od
command will write a diagnostic message to standard
error and exit with a non-zero exit status.
By default, the skip option-argument is interpreted as
a decimal number. With a leading 0x or 0X, the offset
is interpreted as a hexadecimal number; otherwise,
with a leading 0, the offset will be interpreted as an
octal number. Appending the character b, k, or m to
offset will cause it to be interpreted as a multiple
of 512, 1024 or 1048576 bytes, respectively. If the
skip number is hexadecimal, any appended b is con-
sidered to be the final hexadecimal digit. The address
is displayed starting at 0000000, and its base is not
implied by the base of the skip option-argument.
-N count
Formats no more than count bytes of input. By default,
count is interpreted as a decimal number. With a
leading 0x or 0X, count is interpreted as a hexade-
cimal number; otherwise, with a leading 0, it is
interpreted as an octal number. If count bytes of
input (after successfully skipping, if -jskip is
specified) are not available, it will not be con-
sidered an error. The od command will format the input
that is available. The base of the address displayed
is not implied by the base of the count option-
argument.
-o Interprets words in octal. This is equivalent to -t
o2.
-O Interprets long words in unsigned octal. This is
equivalent to -t o4.
-s Interprets words in signed decimal. This is equivalent
to -t d2.
-S Interprets long words in signed decimal. This is
equivalent to -t d4.
-t type_string
Specifies one or more output types. The type_string
option-argument must be a string specifying the types
to be used when writing the input data. The string
must consist of the type specification characters:
a Named character. Interprets bytes as named characters.
Only the least significant seven bits of each byte
will be used for this type specification. Bytes with
the values listed in the following table will be writ-
ten using the corresponding names for those charac-
ters.
Named Characters in od
______________________________________________________________________________
| Value Name | Value Name | Value Name | Value Name |
| \000 nul | \001 soh | \002 stx | \003 etx |
| \004 eot | \005 enq | \006 ack | \007 bel |
| \010 bs | \011 ht | \012 lf | \013 vt |
| \014 ff | \015 cr | \016 so | \017 si |
| \020 dle | \021 dc1 | \022 dc2 | \023 dc3 |
| \024 dc4 | \025 nak | \026 syn | \027 etb |
| \030 can | \031 em | \032 sub | \033 esc |
| \034 fs | \035 gs | \036 rs | \037 us |
| \040 sp | \177 del | | |
|__________________|___________________|___________________|__________________|
c Character. Interprets bytes as single-byte or multi-
byte characters specified by the current setting of
the LC_CTYPE locale category. Printable multibyte
characters are written in the area corresponding to
the first byte of the character. The two-character
sequence ** is written in the area corresponding to
each remaining byte in the character, as an indication
that the character is continued. Certain non-graphic
characters appear as C escapes: \0, \a, \b, \f, \n,
\r, \t, \v. Other non-printable characters appear as
one three-digit octal number for each byte in the
character.
The type specification characters d, f, o, u, and x can be
followed by an optional unsigned decimal integer that speci-
fies the number of bytes to be transformed by each instance
of the output type.
f Floating point. Can be followed by an optional F, D,
or L indicating that the conversion should be applied
to an item of type float, double, or long double,
respectively.
d, o, u, and x
Signed decimal, octal, unsigned decimal, and hexade-
cimal, respectively. Can be followed by an optional
C, S, I, or L indicating that the conversion should be
applied to an item of type char, short, int, or long,
respectively.
Multiple types can be concatenated within the same
type_string and multiple -t options can be specified. Output
lines are written for each type specified in the order in
which the type specification characters are specified.
-v Shows all input data (verbose). Without the -v option,
all groups of output lines that would be identical to
the immediately preceding output line (except for byte
offsets), will be replaced with a line containing only
an asterisk (*).
-x Interprets words in hex. This is equivalent to -t x2.
-X Interprets long words in hex. This is equivalent to -t
x4.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported for both /usr/bin/od
and /usr/xpg4/bin/od:
- Uses the standard input in addition to any files
specified. When this operand is not given, the stan-
dard input is used only if no file operands are speci-
fied.
/usr/bin/od
The following operands are supported for /usr/bin/od only:
file A path name of a file to be read. If no file operands
are specified, the standard input will be used. If
there are no more than two operands, none of the -A,
-j, -N, or -t options is specified, and any of the
following are true:
1. the first character of the last operand is a plus
sign (+)
2. the first character of the second operand is
numeric
3. the first character of the second operand is x and
the second character of the second operand is a
lower-case hexadecimal character or digit
4. the second operand is named "x"
5. the second operand is named "."
then the corresponding operand is assumed to be an offset
operand rather than a file operand.
Without the -N count option, the display continues
until an end-of-file is reached.
[+][0] offset [.][b|B]
[+][0][offset] [.]
[+][0x|x][offset]
[+][0x|x] offset[B]
The offset_string operand specifies the byte offset in
the file where dumping is to commence. The offset is
interpreted in octal bytes by default. If offset
begins with "0", it is interpreted in octal. If offset
begins with "x" or "0x", it is interpreted in hexade-
cimal and any appended "b" is considered to be the
final hexadecimal digit. If "." is appended, the
offset is interpreted in decimal. If "b" or "B" is
appended, the offset is interpreted in units of 512
bytes. If the file argument is omitted, the offset
argument must be preceded by a plus sign (+). The
address is displayed starting at the given offset.
The radix of the address will be the same as the radix
of the offset, if specified, otherwise it will be
octal. Decimal overrides octal, and it is an error to
specify both hexadecimal and decimal conversions in
the same offset operand.
/usr/xpg4/bin/od
The following operands are supported for /usr/xpg4/bin/od
only:
file Same as /usr/bin/od, except only one of the first two
conditions must be true.
[+] [0] offset [.][b|B]
+ [offset] [.]
[+][0x][offset]
[+][0x] offset[B]
+x [offset]
+x offset [B]
Description of offset_string is the same as for
/usr/bin/od.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of od: LANG, LC_ALL,
LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_NUMERIC, and NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 An error occurred.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attri-
butes:
/usr/bin/od
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWtoo |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
/usr/xpg4/bin/od
____________________________________________________________
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Availability | SUNWxcu4 |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| CSI | enabled |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
| Interface Stability | Standard |
|_____________________________|_____________________________|
SEE ALSO
sed(1), attributes(5), environ(5), standards(5)
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